Bio.phenotype: analyze phenotypic data

This chapter gives an overview of the functionalities of the Bio.phenotype package included in Biopython. The scope of this package is the analysis of phenotypic data, which means parsing and analyzing growth measurements of cell cultures. In its current state the package is focused on the analysis of high-throughput phenotypic experiments produced by the Phenotype Microarray technology, but future developments may include other platforms and formats.

Phenotype Microarrays

The Phenotype Microarray is a technology that measures the metabolism of bacterial and eukaryotic cells on roughly 2000 chemicals, divided in twenty 96-well plates. The technology measures the reduction of a tetrazolium dye by NADH, whose production by the cell is used as a proxy for cell metabolism; color development due to the reduction of this dye is typically measured once every 15 minutes. When cells are grown in a media that sustains cell metabolism, the recorded phenotypic data resembles a sigmoid growth curve, from which a series of growth parameters can be retrieved.

Parsing Phenotype Microarray data

The Bio.phenotype package can parse two different formats of Phenotype Microarray data: the CSV (comma separated values) files produced by the machine’s proprietary software and JSON files produced by analysis software, like opm or DuctApe. The parser will return one or a generator of PlateRecord objects, depending on whether the read or parse method is being used. You can test the parse function by using the `Plates.csv <https://github.com/biopython/biopython/blob/master/Doc/examples/Plates.csv>`__ file provided with the Biopython source code.

>>> from Bio import phenotype
>>> for record in phenotype.parse("Plates.csv", "pm-csv"):
...     print("%s %i" % (record.id, len(record)))
...
PM01 96
PM01 96
PM09 96
PM09 96

The parser returns a series of PlateRecord objects, each one containing a series of WellRecord objects (holding each well’s experimental data) arranged in 8 rows and 12 columns; each row is indicated by a uppercase character from A to H, while columns are indicated by a two digit number, from 01 to 12. There are several ways to access WellRecord objects from a PlateRecord objects:

Well identifier

If you know the well identifier (row + column identifiers) you can access the desired well directly.

>>> record["A02"]
WellRecord('(0.0, 12.0), (0.25, 18.0), (0.5, 27.0), (0.75, 35.0), (1.0, 37.0), ..., (71.75, 143.0)')

Well plate coordinates

The same well can be retrieved by using the row and columns numbers (0-based index).

>>> from Bio import phenotype
>>> record = list(phenotype.parse("Plates.csv", "pm-csv"))[-1]
>>> print(record[0, 1].id)
A02

Row or column coordinates

A series of WellRecord objects contiguous to each other in the plate can be retrieved in bulk by using the python list slicing syntax on PlateRecord objects; rows and columns are numbered with a 0-based index.

>>> print(record[0])
Plate ID: PM09
Well: 12
Rows: 1
Columns: 12
PlateRecord('WellRecord['A01'], WellRecord['A02'], WellRecord['A03'], ..., WellRecord['A12']')
>>> print(record[:, 0])
Plate ID: PM09
Well: 8
Rows: 8
Columns: 1
PlateRecord('WellRecord['A01'], WellRecord['B01'], WellRecord['C01'], ..., WellRecord['H01']')
>>> print(record[:3, :3])
Plate ID: PM09
Well: 9
Rows: 3
Columns: 3
PlateRecord('WellRecord['A01'], WellRecord['A02'], WellRecord['A03'], ..., WellRecord['C03']')

Manipulating Phenotype Microarray data

Accessing raw data

The raw data extracted from the PM files is comprised of a series of tuples for each well, containing the time (in hours) and the colorimetric measure (in arbitrary units). Usually the instrument collects data every fifteen minutes, but that can vary between experiments. The raw data can be accessed by iterating on a WellRecord object; in the example below only the first ten time points are shown.

>>> from Bio import phenotype
>>> record = list(phenotype.parse("Plates.csv", "pm-csv"))[-1]
>>> well = record["A02"]

>>> for time, signal in well:
...     print(time, signal)
...
(0.0, 12.0)
(0.25, 18.0)
(0.5, 27.0)
(0.75, 35.0)
(1.0, 37.0)
(1.25, 41.0)
(1.5, 44.0)
(1.75, 44.0)
(2.0, 44.0)
(2.25, 44.0)
[...]

This method, while providing a way to access the raw data, doesn’t allow a direct comparison between different WellRecord objects, which may have measurements at different time points.

Accessing interpolated data

To make it easier to compare different experiments and in general to allow a more intuitive handling of the phenotypic data, the module allows to define a custom slicing of the time points that are present in the WellRecord object. Colorimetric data for time points that have not been directly measured are derived through a linear interpolation of the available data, otherwise a NaN is returned. This method only works in the time interval where actual data is available. Time intervals can be defined with the same syntax as list indexing; the default time interval is therefore one hour.

>>> well[:10]
[12.0, 37.0, 44.0, 44.0, 44.0, 44.0, 44.0, 44.0, 44.0, 44.0]
>>> well[9.55]
44.0

Different time intervals can be used, for instance five minutes:

>>> for value in well[63 : 64 : 5 / 60]:
...     print(f"{value:0.2f}")
...
00
00
00
00
33
67
00
33
67
00
00
00
>>> for value in well[63.33:73.33]:
...     print(f"{value:0.2f}")
...
32
00
32
00
64
96
96
00
00
nan

Control well subtraction

Many Phenotype Microarray plates contain a control well (usually A01), that is a well where the media shouldn’t support any growth; the low signal produced by this well can be subtracted from the other wells. The PlateRecord objects have a dedicated function for that, which returns another PlateRecord object with the corrected data.

>>> corrected = record.subtract_control(control="A01")
>>> record["A01"][63]
336.0
>>> corrected["A01"][63]
0.0

Parameters extraction

Those wells where metabolic activity is observed show a sigmoid behavior for the colorimetric data. To allow an easier way to compare different experiments a sigmoid curve can be fitted onto the data, so that a series of summary parameters can be extracted and used for comparisons. The parameters that can be extracted from the curve are:

Minimum (min) and maximum (max) signal;
Average height (average_height);
Area under the curve (area);
Curve plateau point (plateau);
Curve slope during exponential metabolic activity (slope);
Curve lag time (lag).

All the parameters (except min, max and average_height) require the scipy library to be installed.

The fit function uses three sigmoid functions:

Gompertz: \(Ae^{-e^{(\frac{\mu_{m}e}{A}(\lambda - t) + 1)}} + y0\)
Logistic: \(\frac{A}{1+e^{(\frac{4\mu_{m}}{A}(\lambda - t) + 2)}} + y_{0}\)
Richards: \(A(1 + ve^{1 + v} + e^{\frac{\mu_{m}}{A}(1 + v)(1 + \frac{1}{v})(\lambda - t)})^{-\frac{1}{v}} + y0\)

Where:

corresponds to the plateau
corresponds to the slope
corresponds to the lag

These functions have been derived from this publication. The fit method by default tries first to fit the gompertz function: if it fails it will then try to fit the logistic and then the richards function. The user can also specify one of the three functions to be applied.

>>> from Bio import phenotype
>>> record = list(phenotype.parse("Plates.csv", "pm-csv"))[-1]
>>> well = record["A02"]
>>> well.fit()
>>> print("Function fitted: %s" % well.model)
Function fitted: gompertz
>>> for param in ["area", "average_height", "lag", "max", "min", "plateau", "slope"]:
...     print("%s\t%.2f" % (param, getattr(well, param)))
...
area    4414.38
average_height  61.58
lag     48.60
max     143.00
min     12.00
plateau 120.02
slope   4.99

Writing Phenotype Microarray data

PlateRecord objects can be written to file in the form of JSON files, a format compatible with other software packages such as opm or DuctApe.

>>> phenotype.write(record, "out.json", "pm-json")
1