Bio.Phylo.TreeConstruction module¶

Classes and methods for tree construction.

class Bio.Phylo.TreeConstruction.DistanceMatrix(names, matrix=None)¶

Bases: Bio.Phylo.TreeConstruction._Matrix

Distance matrix class that can be used for distance based tree algorithms.

All diagonal elements will be zero no matter what the users provide.

__init__(self, names, matrix=None)¶: Initialize the class.

__setitem__(self, item, value)¶: Set Matrix’s items to values.

format_phylip(self, handle)¶

Write data in Phylip format to a given file-like object or handle.

The output stream is the input distance matrix format used with Phylip programs (e.g. ‘neighbor’). See: http://evolution.genetics.washington.edu/phylip/doc/neighbor.html

Parameters

handlefile or file-like object: A writeable text mode file handle or other object supporting the ‘write’ method, such as StringIO or sys.stdout.

class Bio.Phylo.TreeConstruction.DistanceCalculator(model='identity', skip_letters=None)¶

Bases: object

Class to calculate the distance matrix from a DNA or Protein.

Multiple Sequence Alignment(MSA) and the given name of the substitution model.

Currently only scoring matrices are used.

Parameters

modelstr: Name of the model matrix to be used to calculate distance. The attribute dna_models contains the available model names for DNA sequences and protein_models for protein sequences.

Examples

Loading a small PHYLIP alignment from which to compute distances:

from Bio.Phylo.TreeConstruction import DistanceCalculator
from Bio import AlignIO
aln = AlignIO.read(open('TreeConstruction/msa.phy'), 'phylip')
print(aln)

Output:

Alignment with 5 rows and 13 columns
AACGTGGCCACAT Alpha
AAGGTCGCCACAC Beta
CAGTTCGCCACAA Gamma
GAGATTTCCGCCT Delta
GAGATCTCCGCCC Epsilon

DNA calculator with ‘identity’ model:

calculator = DistanceCalculator('identity')
dm = calculator.get_distance(aln)
print(dm)

Output:

Alpha   0
Beta    0.23076923076923073     0
Gamma   0.3846153846153846      0.23076923076923073     0
Delta   0.5384615384615384      0.5384615384615384      0.5384615384615384      0
Epsilon 0.6153846153846154      0.3846153846153846      0.46153846153846156     0.15384615384615385     0
    Alpha       Beta    Gamma   Delta   Epsilon

Protein calculator with ‘blosum62’ model:

calculator = DistanceCalculator('blosum62')
dm = calculator.get_distance(aln)
print(dm)

Output:

Alpha   0
Beta    0.36904761904761907     0
Gamma   0.49397590361445787     0.25    0
Delta   0.5853658536585367      0.5476190476190477      0.5662650602409638      0
Epsilon 0.7     0.3555555555555555      0.48888888888888893     0.2222222222222222      0
    Alpha       Beta    Gamma   Delta   Epsilon

dna_models = ['benner22', 'benner6', 'benner74', 'dayhoff', 'feng', 'genetic', 'gonnet1992', 'hoxd70', 'johnson', 'jones', 'levin', 'mclachlan', 'mdm78', 'blastn', 'rao', 'risler', 'schneider', 'str', 'trans']¶

protein_models = ['blosum45', 'blosum50', 'blosum62', 'blosum80', 'blosum90', 'pam250', 'pam30', 'pam70']¶

models = ['identity', 'benner22', 'benner6', 'benner74', 'dayhoff', 'feng', 'genetic', 'gonnet1992', 'hoxd70', 'johnson', 'jones', 'levin', 'mclachlan', 'mdm78', 'blastn', 'rao', 'risler', 'schneider', 'str', 'trans', 'blosum45', 'blosum50', 'blosum62', 'blosum80', 'blosum90', 'pam250', 'pam30', 'pam70']¶

__init__(self, model='identity', skip_letters=None)¶: Initialize with a distance model.

get_distance(self, msa)¶

Return a DistanceMatrix for MSA object.

Parameters

msaMultipleSeqAlignment: DNA or Protein multiple sequence alignment.

class Bio.Phylo.TreeConstruction.TreeConstructor¶

Bases: object

Base class for all tree constructor.

build_tree(self, msa)¶

Caller to built the tree from a MultipleSeqAlignment object.

This should be implemented in subclass.

class Bio.Phylo.TreeConstruction.DistanceTreeConstructor(distance_calculator=None, method='nj')¶

Bases: Bio.Phylo.TreeConstruction.TreeConstructor

Distance based tree constructor.

Parameters

methodstr: Distance tree construction method, ‘nj’(default) or ‘upgma’.
distance_calculatorDistanceCalculator: The distance matrix calculator for multiple sequence alignment. It must be provided if build_tree will be called.

Examples

Loading a small PHYLIP alignment from which to compute distances, and then build a upgma Tree:

from Bio.Phylo.TreeConstruction import DistanceTreeConstructor
from Bio.Phylo.TreeConstruction import DistanceCalculator
from Bio import AlignIO
aln = AlignIO.read(open('TreeConstruction/msa.phy'), 'phylip')
constructor = DistanceTreeConstructor()
calculator = DistanceCalculator('identity')
dm = calculator.get_distance(aln)
upgmatree = constructor.upgma(dm)
print(upgmatree)

Output:

Tree(rooted=True)
    Clade(branch_length=0, name='Inner4')
        Clade(branch_length=0.18749999999999994, name='Inner1')
            Clade(branch_length=0.07692307692307693, name='Epsilon')
            Clade(branch_length=0.07692307692307693, name='Delta')
        Clade(branch_length=0.11057692307692304, name='Inner3')
            Clade(branch_length=0.038461538461538464, name='Inner2')
                Clade(branch_length=0.11538461538461536, name='Gamma')
                Clade(branch_length=0.11538461538461536, name='Beta')
            Clade(branch_length=0.15384615384615383, name='Alpha')

Build a NJ Tree:

njtree = constructor.nj(dm)
print(njtree)

Output:

Tree(rooted=False)
    Clade(branch_length=0, name='Inner3')
        Clade(branch_length=0.18269230769230765, name='Alpha')
        Clade(branch_length=0.04807692307692307, name='Beta')
        Clade(branch_length=0.04807692307692307, name='Inner2')
            Clade(branch_length=0.27884615384615385, name='Inner1')
                Clade(branch_length=0.051282051282051266, name='Epsilon')
                Clade(branch_length=0.10256410256410259, name='Delta')
            Clade(branch_length=0.14423076923076922, name='Gamma')

methods = ['nj', 'upgma']¶

__init__(self, distance_calculator=None, method='nj')¶: Initialize the class.

build_tree(self, msa)¶: Construct and return a Tree, Neighbor Joining or UPGMA.

upgma(self, distance_matrix)¶

Construct and return an UPGMA tree.

Constructs and returns an Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA) tree.

Parameters

distance_matrixDistanceMatrix: The distance matrix for tree construction.

nj(self, distance_matrix)¶

Construct and return a Neighbor Joining tree.

Parameters

distance_matrixDistanceMatrix: The distance matrix for tree construction.

class Bio.Phylo.TreeConstruction.Scorer¶

Bases: object

Base class for all tree scoring methods.

get_score(self, tree, alignment)¶

Caller to get the score of a tree for the given alignment.

This should be implemented in subclass.

class Bio.Phylo.TreeConstruction.TreeSearcher¶

Bases: object

Base class for all tree searching methods.

search(self, starting_tree, alignment)¶

Caller to search the best tree with a starting tree.

This should be implemented in subclass.

class Bio.Phylo.TreeConstruction.NNITreeSearcher(scorer)¶

Bases: Bio.Phylo.TreeConstruction.TreeSearcher

Tree searching with Nearest Neighbor Interchanges (NNI) algorithm.

Parameters

scorerParsimonyScorer: parsimony scorer to calculate the parsimony score of different trees during NNI algorithm.

__init__(self, scorer)¶: Initialize the class.

search(self, starting_tree, alignment)¶

Implement the TreeSearcher.search method.

Parameters

starting_treeTree: starting tree of NNI method.
alignmentMultipleSeqAlignment: multiple sequence alignment used to calculate parsimony score of different NNI trees.

class Bio.Phylo.TreeConstruction.ParsimonyScorer(matrix=None)¶

Bases: Bio.Phylo.TreeConstruction.Scorer

Parsimony scorer with a scoring matrix.

This is a combination of Fitch algorithm and Sankoff algorithm. See ParsimonyTreeConstructor for usage.

Parameters

matrix_Matrix: scoring matrix used in parsimony score calculation.

__init__(self, matrix=None)¶: Initialize the class.

get_score(self, tree, alignment)¶

Calculate parsimony score using the Fitch algorithm.

Calculate and return the parsimony score given a tree and the MSA using either the Fitch algorithm (without a penalty matrix) or the Sankoff algorithm (with a matrix).

class Bio.Phylo.TreeConstruction.ParsimonyTreeConstructor(searcher, starting_tree=None)¶

Bases: Bio.Phylo.TreeConstruction.TreeConstructor

Parsimony tree constructor.

Parameters

searcherTreeSearcher: tree searcher to search the best parsimony tree.
starting_treeTree: starting tree provided to the searcher.

Examples

We will load an alignment, and then load various trees which have already been computed from it:

from Bio import AlignIO, Phylo
aln = AlignIO.read(open('TreeConstruction/msa.phy'), 'phylip')
print(aln)

Output:

Alignment with 5 rows and 13 columns
AACGTGGCCACAT Alpha
AAGGTCGCCACAC Beta
CAGTTCGCCACAA Gamma
GAGATTTCCGCCT Delta
GAGATCTCCGCCC Epsilon

Load a starting tree:

starting_tree = Phylo.read('TreeConstruction/nj.tre', 'newick')
print(starting_tree)

Output:

Tree(rooted=False, weight=1.0)
    Clade(branch_length=0.0, name='Inner3')
        Clade(branch_length=0.01421, name='Inner2')
            Clade(branch_length=0.23927, name='Inner1')
                Clade(branch_length=0.08531, name='Epsilon')
                Clade(branch_length=0.13691, name='Delta')
            Clade(branch_length=0.2923, name='Alpha')
        Clade(branch_length=0.07477, name='Beta')
        Clade(branch_length=0.17523, name='Gamma')

Build the Parsimony tree from the starting tree:

scorer = Phylo.TreeConstruction.ParsimonyScorer()
searcher = Phylo.TreeConstruction.NNITreeSearcher(scorer)
constructor = Phylo.TreeConstruction.ParsimonyTreeConstructor(searcher, starting_tree)
pars_tree = constructor.build_tree(aln)
print(pars_tree)

Output:

Tree(rooted=True, weight=1.0)
    Clade(branch_length=0.0)
        Clade(branch_length=0.19732999999999998, name='Inner1')
            Clade(branch_length=0.13691, name='Delta')
            Clade(branch_length=0.08531, name='Epsilon')
        Clade(branch_length=0.04194000000000003, name='Inner2')
            Clade(branch_length=0.01421, name='Inner3')
                Clade(branch_length=0.17523, name='Gamma')
                Clade(branch_length=0.07477, name='Beta')
            Clade(branch_length=0.2923, name='Alpha')

__init__(self, searcher, starting_tree=None)¶: Initialize the class.

build_tree(self, alignment)¶

Build the tree.

Parameters

alignmentMultipleSeqAlignment: multiple sequence alignment to calculate parsimony tree.